Stephen J. Eskilson, Graphic Design - a History.

KEY DEVELOPMENT 1: Chapter Industrial Revolution: 

-          Changes in design practise occurred during the Industrial Revolution that started in the eighteenth century and accelerated in the 19^th

-          As European economies shifted from a rural base to an urban one, millions of people moved into cities, and as a result, mass culture increased.

-          Merchants, including ones of artistic products, began to expand among the new urban inhabitants.

-          Alongside the steam engine, railways and so on, mass production of printed materials appeared

-          Steam-engine-driven-press developed in 1814 accelerated the proliferation of printed materials

-          Eg. Establishment of over 2,000 periodicals during 19^th century

-          Printed advertisements boomed as producers of mass made goods wanted to reach a large audience, particularly as Victorian advertisers wanted to sell at all costs.

-          New technologies: steam powered presses, mechanised letterpress, lithography, chromolithography enhanced possibilities for mass production of printed materials.

-          Eg. German inventors Koenig and Bauer sold the new power press to The Times in 1814, which could produce one thousand pages per hour

-          Pictorial newspaper was most influential type of 19^th century publication, making use of news, entertainment features, fiction and poetry. Pictures helped the newspaper become more accessible to the wider population of uneducated people.

-          Illustrated newspapers became even more popular and artists like Winslow Homer became part of a new profession.

-          Photographs were not a core element of editorial design until the 1920s as mass printing them involved using wood engraving, which was greatly difficult.

Development of Typefaces (15th to 20th century)

Progression of Typefaces and Fonts (15th century to 20th century) 

Bastarda 

Black letter Johannes Gutenberg 1454

• Mimic German calligraphy in bible writing 
• “Movable type” first eg 
• Alternate Characters and various actions employed to further reflect writing traditions 
• Rough, blotchy
• Still black letter 

Jenson (15 years later) 

Roman/serif 

Nicolas jenson 1470 

• Reflects style of roman architecture 
• Variations on blackletter reduced to standardised singly glyph form per letter 
• condensed all possible variations that could be used in handwriting to basic letter forms 
• More functional, reduced work load 
• More consistency in production 
• Printed word starts to influence written language, as literacy starts = recyclical influence 

Griffo’s Roman 

Roman/serif 

• more refined more precise 

Italic 

Francesco griffo 

• took up less space 
• Represented cursive hand writing 

Fraktur 

Blackletter 

Leonhard wagner 1513 

• Exaggerated version of blackletter styles 
• Used in Protestant reformation literature 16th century

Garamond Roman 

Roman/serif 

Claude Garamond 1538

• popular = still used today 
• Much more refined and precise, used more developed techniques and better metal 
• Garamond perfectionist 

Baskerville

Serif/transitional 

John Baskerville 1757

• refined, rational forms, more dynamic  and consistent, improved proportions 
• Publishing at this time would have consisted in many philosophical, scientific, secular texts
• More delicate and elegant, more linear, forms compliment each other vs Garamond which can be clunky and clumsy

Bodoni 

Serif/“modern” 

Pre industrial revolution 

Giambattista Bodoni 1788

• highly refined perfected and precise versions developed for finer papers and techniques

Figgins’ antique

slab serif/display type 

Vincent figgins 1815 

• development of capital commerce and business 
• Used for display: posters and public notices 
• Popular for commercial use that could be used large scale and read in the street at a glance 

Thorowgoods grotesque 

Sans serif/display 

William thorowgood 1815

• first example of grotesque 
• Series abandoned 
• Grotesque typefaces were experimental and largely rejected for being inadequate - clumsy, unreadable

Clarendon 1845 

• very popular 
• Stylish more rounded serif grotesque 

Franklin gothic 

Sans serif/grotesque 

American type foundries 1940 

• used in newspapers and for advertising 
• Functionality and clarity 

Avant garde 

Sans serif/geometric 

Herb libation 1970 

• Rigorous geometric design owing to typefaces like future 

Verdana 

Sans serif/digital 

Mathew Carter 1996

• digital typeface 
• Made for specifically computer screens 

The Machine That Made Us notes

BBC 'The Machine that Made Us' - Stephen Fry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8svE2AjQWYE
27/11/18

• Johannes Gutenberg created "the most revolutionary machine since the invention of the wheel", the printing press
• It allowed mass printing, which allowed freedom of speech and ideas to be produced and distributed across Europe at a time when Europeans were governed and controlled by the Catholic church. 
• It planted the seeds that helped the Renaissance blossom.
• It was the beginning of typography and mas produced books and therefore the beginning of editorial and publications
• Within 15 years books increased from a few hundred to millions 
• It has been likened to the impact of the internet, "it took off running like the internet" (Alan May)

• Before the printing press was created and therefore mass printing, books were hand copied, typically bibles. 
• The church wanted to maintain their monopoly over the population of Europe with control over education, and so tried to control mass production once they realised it was getting out of their control. 

•  A mill in Switzerland was set up to mass produce paper at the same time the printing press was invented, which allowed mass printing to occur 
• Reproducing and distributing Bibles was the main focus for the printing press and earlier stages and production, but as the Renaissance took hold political and cultural books began to appear and this dramatically changed Europe and publications forever. 

What is Editorial and publication design research

Editorial Design, Yolanda Zappaterra 

100 Habits of Successful Publication Designers, Laurel Saville

CHAPTER 1: Understanding Publications 

• Publications are driven by the content - words, words, words.
• Audience of publications is the readers, so the designers must design with the words in mind.
• Ina Saltz (pg 16): "Being a magazine art director is all about enhancing the content and becoming a visual journalist."
• The content is used as inspiration to create and improve the design 
• Publication designers have to defer to content (it is the most important element

CHAPTER 5: Where Are Magazines Headed?

• masses of information from the web is adsorbed by readers, and therefore the ways of reading and taking in information from publications on interactive design are being adopted in print design. 
• Jeremy Leslie (p 175): "bite size chunk[s] of information getting smaller and smaller"
• Marcus Piper (p 175): "Internet has changed the way people interact with things, their attention spans"
• Arthur Hochstein: "For a while, print was trying to emulate the Internet, and now there's backlash… print is print and electronics is electronics" 
• ONE opinion = negative, print sales down on newspapers... There are fewer magazine launches occurring now more than ever because investors don't want to put money into an area that is declining and carries more risks. (Grim Reaper, Magazine Death Pool. p.182)
• OTHER opinion = If the web and print editorial and publishing designs work cohesively then they can support one another. Fast information from the web while magazines can now focus on design. The rise of competition from the web also forces designers and magazines to be better (p175 Arthur Hochstein). The internet allows designers who could previously not afford to produce magazines to create work online. 
• Jeremy Leslie (p 180): "There's an audience out there that are hungry to buy international magazines that are cool"
  

Mini practise at writing/Understanding what it is on a basic level from my notes

Editorial and publication design is a form of visual journalism in which the presentation of the visual elements is central in communicating the idea in the piece. It has a variety of functions, such as a clear structure, a strong aesthetic and the ability to attract readers and sustain reader loyalty, and a successful piece of editorial and publication design will have these functions working cohesively together.