Stephen J. Eskilson, Graphic Design - a History.

KEY DEVELOPMENT 1: Chapter Industrial Revolution: 

-          Changes in design practise occurred during the Industrial Revolution that started in the eighteenth century and accelerated in the 19^th

-          As European economies shifted from a rural base to an urban one, millions of people moved into cities, and as a result, mass culture increased.

-          Merchants, including ones of artistic products, began to expand among the new urban inhabitants.

-          Alongside the steam engine, railways and so on, mass production of printed materials appeared

-          Steam-engine-driven-press developed in 1814 accelerated the proliferation of printed materials

-          Eg. Establishment of over 2,000 periodicals during 19^th century

-          Printed advertisements boomed as producers of mass made goods wanted to reach a large audience, particularly as Victorian advertisers wanted to sell at all costs.

-          New technologies: steam powered presses, mechanised letterpress, lithography, chromolithography enhanced possibilities for mass production of printed materials.

-          Eg. German inventors Koenig and Bauer sold the new power press to The Times in 1814, which could produce one thousand pages per hour

-          Pictorial newspaper was most influential type of 19^th century publication, making use of news, entertainment features, fiction and poetry. Pictures helped the newspaper become more accessible to the wider population of uneducated people.

-          Illustrated newspapers became even more popular and artists like Winslow Homer became part of a new profession.

-          Photographs were not a core element of editorial design until the 1920s as mass printing them involved using wood engraving, which was greatly difficult.